Daily consumption of meat in human beings provides 400 mg/day of taurine. However, meat, milk, and fish oil are the source of taurine, but the richest source is meat. During aging, taurine concentration decrease in the plasma. It is found in abundant concentrations in human plasma (near 50-150 mol/L) (Bkaily et al., 2020), as well as in bile, saliva, and heart tissue (6 mol/L). The heart and brain are the only two organs that generate their taurine in a very limited quantity (Schaffer and Kim, 2018). As taurine is a zwitterion, it does not contribute to membrane surface charge. According to Pasantes-Morales (2017), and Schaffer and Kim (2018), it is a neutral zwitter ion. Taurine is released by the cell when there are some changes in inorganic osmolyte concentrations to make up for any loss of extracellular osmolarity (Pasantes-Morales, 2017). Elevation in the level of taurine does not have any side effects, due to the saturable effect of the taurine transporter and the fact that it is usually removed through urine (Syed et al., 2007). It is true to say that taurine is a polyfunctional molecule because it is the only biomolecule involved in so many functions, ranging from defense to prevention (Gupta et al., 2003). Biologically, it was created some 40 years ago when a good review was published (Jacobsen et al., 1968), which created the curiosity to dig deeper into this wonderful old molecule. It is the first amino acid discovered in 1827 by the German Scientists Tiedemann and Gmelin and were the first to extract taurine from the bile of ox (Bas Taurus) from that it derives its name, hence it is accepted as a part of our planet formation. Taurine is the unique non-essential amino acid that has betrayed much attention (Bkaily et al., 2020). Key words: Taurine, spinal cord injury (SCI), taurus, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), osmolytes. In this review, we have made attempts to provide synthesis, chemical, biological function of taurine, which may guide and facilitate further research in this area. The human body contains about 1% body weight as taurine. Dietary taurine is beneficial in treating bone-related disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, obesity, and immunological defense against microbes, through enhancing the metabolism/functions of monocytes, macrophages, and other cells of the immune system. It differs from other neuroprotective amino acids due to the presence of sulfonic acid instead of carboxylic acid, and the presence of sulphonate makes it a strong acid. Taurine is significantly involved in functions of the cardiovascular, skeletal muscle, retina, and the central nervous system. Hence it is also known as a poly-functional or wonderful molecule. It involves many functions from prevention to protection, osmoregulation, conjugation of bile, anti-oxidation, membrane stabilization, and modulation of calcium signaling. ![]() It is present in high concentrations in animal tissues, especially the heart, brain, retina, skeletal muscles, large intestines, plasma, blood cells, and leucocytes. The richest source of taurine is meat whereas fish, human tissue, large intestine, and human breast milk are also good/prime sources. This is the only amino acid that is extensively found in animal tissue. It was first isolated from Ox bile, and thus derives its name from the Latin word “Taurus”, meaning 'ox' or 'bull'. Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is converted to a neutral beta-amino acid, chemically known as (2-Amino-ethane sulfonic acid) having chemical formula C2H7NO3S.
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